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How Business Partnerships Are Taxed

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Working with a partner brings its own particular set of tax rules. Entrepreneurs should be aware of them to avoid penalties and risks

A partnership is a particular type of business structure that has its own set of tax requirements. There are several benefits to forming partnerships, including the combined skills, knowledge, and resources of the co-owners. And understanding how they operate is key to understanding each year’s tax responsibilities.

The IRS classifies partnerships as pass-through entities, meaning that they are not separate entities from their owners. Each partner contributes something to the business, whether it’s property, labor, or money, and then receives a share of the income or loss.

Instead of partners receiving a regular salary, as they would as an employee, they get a certain amount of money each year based on their share of the partnership, which is usually outlined in a partnership agreement.

Tax reporting requirements

Come tax time, partnerships don’t have to pay income tax themselves. All income and losses are passed through to the partners, who then report that income or loss on their personal income tax returns, Form 1040, Schedule E.

Even though partnerships don’t pay federal income tax, an annual information return must still be filed with the IRS which reports the business’s income, deductions, gains, losses, and more. The forms that partnerships are required to submit are Form 1065, an informational return, and Schedule K-1, which delineates the partners’ shares of the business’s income and losses. Schedule K-1 is then filed with each partner’s personal tax return.

Partnerships also may need to file a state tax return and pay excise, franchise, or sales taxes. Since each state has different requirements, it’s important to work with a tax professional to ensure that you’re covering all aspects of your responsibilities.

Estimated taxes for partners

Because partners don’t have an employer taking out income taxes throughout the year, they must pay estimated quarterly taxes to the IRS on their share of profits. This amount is known as a partner’s distributive share, which is outlined in the partnership agreement. It’s important to note that even if this amount doesn’t match what a partner actually withdrew from the business, that is still the estimated amount on which taxes are owed.

These estimated self-employment taxes consist of Social Security and Medicare contributions that would normally be taken out by an employer. The bad news is that partners could end up paying twice as much in taxes than they would if they were a regular employee since the contributions made by employees are usually matched by the employer. The good news is that half of a partner’s self-employment tax contribution is deductible, helping lower the tax burden.

Pass-through and other deductions

As a partner, you may be able to deduct 20 percent of business income with the pass-through deduction that was introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, known as the qualified business income (QBI) deduction. Owners of sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corporations, and some trusts and estates that meet certain qualifications can deduct up to 20 percent of their QBI, plus 20 percent of qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends and qualified publicly traded partnership (PTP) income.

For 2019, $321,400 is the income threshold if a taxpayer is married and filing jointly, and $160,700 if they are single. As long as income is under this threshold, the pass-through deduction is 20 percent of QBI.

Other applicable deductions are the costs of the partnership operations, including travel expenses, start-up costs, and other small business tax deductions. These deductions lower your tax burden by lowering the profit you report to the IRS.

Working with a tax professional

Knowing the basics of how partnerships are taxed is important, but it’s a good idea to meet with a tax professional to ensure that you do everything correctly. Paying estimated self-employment taxes and claiming deductions are complicated for partnerships, so you never want to risk making a mistake or overlooking a tax break. This is especially crucial if you’ve just formed a partnership and are filing the informational tax return or are paying estimated self-employment taxes for the first time.

For strategic tax guidance, get in touch with Provident CPA & Business Advisors. We help clients pay the least amount of tax legally possible, help you get the most out of your chosen business structure, and work with entrepreneurs to maximize growth and profit.

How Understanding Tax Rules Can Maximize Profits from a Business Sale

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A record number of American business owners are selling up. It pays to know what this means for your next tax return if you’re ready to close a deal.

More people than ever are looking to become their own boss in 2019, so if you’re ready to sell your business, you may find no shortage of takers. New sales records were set in 2016–2017 and these were again broken in 2018. But achieving a truly successful sale means navigating the best ways to avoid taking a hit on taxes. Here are some key things to consider before closing a deal.

The money from your business sale is subject to income tax

This is the first thing to consider in order to minimize losses to the IRS. Selling your business doesn’t mean it’s no longer a source of income because it will make you money when it changes hands.

The type of business being sold—LLC, sole proprietorship, S Corp, or partnership, etc.—affects how much tax you pay, as does selling your business as assets or as stock certificates. In any case, business owners must declare the full amount gained from the sale on their next income tax return.

Consider closing the sale through installments or deferred payments

Business owners may be reluctant to accept anything less than the entire purchase price at closing. This is understandable and removes the risk that a buyer might default on installments, but it isn’t always possible, as many deals mandate a structured, incremental buyout. It’s also not necessarily the best tax move. Accepting all sales proceeds in a single year will land you in a higher tax bracket.

Agreeing to installments over several years can lower the tax liability of your business sale since you pay much of the tax over time as you get the payments. In such a competitive buyer’s market, offering installments could also make your business more attractive to buyers who won’t have to pay everything at once.

Installments also mean you remain part of the operation until closure. This keeps the original owner around to offer advice and ensure things are being run properly, which minimizes performance risk and lowers the likelihood of the buyer defaulting on installments.

Where you live could be a tax advantage (or a liability)

Your state of residency is a benefit or a burden when selling your business because state and local income tax can be applied on top of federal taxes.

Stock sales are generally more favorable than asset sales in this scenario. If your business makes an asset sale it will typically owe taxes in the state or states where it has assets, sales, or payroll, or has gained income in the past. Stocks, on the other hand, are usually taxed in the state of residence.

This means that a business owner living in the “right” state (and choosing an all-stock sale) could avoid a significant tax bite. Of all states, only nine are exempt from income tax: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming.

Business owners making an all-stock sale while living in any of those could avoid tax entirely, even if the company does business in another state. In addition, stocks are generally immune from the transfer, sales, and use taxes.

Your sale could qualify as totally tax-free

When one C or S corporation buys another, it’s possible to set the deal up as a capital gains tax-free merger. One way to do so is through a stock exchange or “corporate reorganization.”

The “buyer” and the “seller,” in this instance, can swap stocks in their respective companies until the buyer is in full possession of the other’s business. This can avoid income tax completely since a stocks-for-stocks exchange classifies as non-cash assets.

Sellers must receive a certain percent of the buyer’s stock (typically between 40 and 100 percent) for this kind of deal to go through. Two important notes here:

  • Even if sellers get off tax-free on a stock exchange, they’ll still be taxed later if they choose to sell the shares.
  • Federal law prohibits selling shares gained in this manner for a set period if the seller wants to hold on to that tax-free status.

For taxes filed in 2020, many taxpayers will pay 15 percent long-term capital gains tax if they’ve been holding new shares for over a year and decide to sell. The standard income tax rate will apply if they choose to sell new shares they’ve held for a shorter time.

The corporate reorganization process is complex and laid out in Section 368 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code. If your business wishes to go this route, it’s vital to speak to a qualified CPA who can guide you safely through it.

Each of the above suggestions are potential tax implications; everything has its own element of risk and there are frequently exceptions to rules. Connect with Provident CPAs to get the full picture on which sales solution will save your business the most come tax time.

Provident CPA and Business Advisors offer a wide range of services in taxes, accounting, and beyond. Our core focus is to help professionals achieve financial freedom and build a better business. Get in touch today to start strengthening your finances.